多功能组合机床时代

                           

摘要：组合机床加工中心可使加工制造业适应不断变化的需求，有效利用劳动力资源，并在全球范围的市场上更具竞争力。

关键字：组合机床  

对于多功能组合机床，工业领域内有很多称呼来形容它，如 “多任务处理装置”、“多功能机床”、“多程序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，并一直保持在美国本土生产。过去只有使用多机操作才能完成的任务，现在可以集中到一台机床上加工完成。

由于市场需求的不断变化，产品的生命周期在不断缩短，今天的市场更加强烈需求多任务处理装置概念。在整个生产环境中推行精益管理时，一些传统的制造业厂商认为多功能组合机床过于复杂，很难找到合适的操作人员也就不足为奇了。在一些劳动力市场，要找到能够对多轴组合机床加工中心进行手工编程的人是不太可能的事。但资料显示，解决方案可有两个，一个是现代多功能组合机床的直觉式技术，另一个是针对金属加工基本原理及在生产车间现场有关新机床使用中难题创新解决方面的培训。

直觉式技术控制

设备采用“带走热量”式设计，有床身、钢制直线滚动导轨、钢制转塔刀架、设备上使用的不同材料，所有这些组合到一起建造成一台机床。这些都与导热系数、体积膨胀相关。所有不同尺寸的东西都会以不同的速度生长。

由于这个原因，需要制造热友好机床，以便知道发热的薄弱点在哪里，可以通过合理的机床设计来补偿。元件是全程运动。机床滑动产生摩擦并转化为热。切削加工产生的热铁屑掉到不同地方，在整个过程中冷却液会混合在其中。在切削刀具上会持续出现很多不同的温度区域，所以也会有很多东西对热稳定性产生影响。切削刀具技术把多功能组合机床变成了具备铣削和切削能力的“全能机器”。

据资料介绍，最显著的特点是这些机床整体上更具直觉性。防撞保护技术已经非常成熟，在某些情况下，即使采用手动操作模式，也能避免碰撞的发生。由于控制软件有很好的直觉性，用户操作友好程度也在不断提高。相信多功能组合机床会以其实用性遍布于更多不同的加工现场。离线编程优化和NC自动控制系统的形成已经使这一技术更容易接受，因此当将程序用在机床上时，不必花很多时间去调整程序和确认某一元件没有问题。如果一个零件需要配备上下两个转塔刀架同时进行粗加工，这种情况下编程是比较困难的,因为它需要两个转塔刀架同时进刀。AdMac系统可以实现对这些同时进刀的刀架的自动编程，并能使正确的主轴速度、正确的进给速度等所有参数实现同步。

Okuma公司的防撞系统设计基于实际加工工况的防撞模拟，因此，如果操作者安装了错误的刀具或设定了错误的参数，控制系统会检测出来并阻止机床进入加工状态,通过与西门子公司合作， INDEX公司现在可以提供3D模式的“虚拟机床”，按照某一特定型号的机床定制。结果表明，模拟加工出来的成品零件不只是与实际成品相似，简直就是一对一的拷贝。直觉式控制界面、模拟以及其他软件技术进步，更多的生产车间向多功能组合机床敞开了大门，但如果没有相应的知识培训和解决问题的创造力，制造商也很难体会到和充分利用先进机床柔性方面的优势。对机器所做的工作越多，机器就会越复杂，相应地也需要具备更强技能的人才能操纵它。

假如一个机械师过去一天操作3台机床，那么现在他有这样一台多功能的机床，就可以生产出更多的零件。更为重要的是，他可以借助软件的帮助使生产效率更高，对于转换加工零件的前期准备，也可以编制加工工艺规程。因为更换零件需要降下3个主轴，因此在更换零件之前，车间应加工尽可能多的零件。对于多功能机床，转换零件速度非常快，生产批次间隔时间更短，库存更低，生产效率更高。能够充分利用多功能机床的一些车间，很快就会发现岗位功能的统一。现在，一个车间可以只用一个操作人员、一个调整工和一个编程师，将来这3项工作完全可以由一个人来做。传统岗位描述中机械师将过渡成为一个调整工程师，如果该工程师还熟悉零件加工编程，那就更理想了。对于这样的转换，培训就比较简单了，只要培训1个人就行，而不是3个人。从长远观点看，这将提供给人们更高的岗位满意度。当调整工程师负责加工编程并且亲自关注零件加工的整个过程时，他就完全成了这个零件的主宰者。除此之外，还应该在刀具选择和编程方面做更多的努力，要使任何型号的多功能组合机床都成功，车间需要配备熟练的机械师，有能力并灵活地完成多种操作。因此，横向培训比过去任何时候都重要了。把铣削和车削加工视为不同学科的观点一去不复返了。对于编程人员来说，这是属于他们的时代。对于会编程的人员，懂机床并控制它，这是他们能力的体现。

刀具选择

大多数人不会将轿车轮胎装到跑车上，但加工刀具就发生了这样的情况。刀具应与新机床相匹配，可以想像在新机床上重复使用旧刀具对生产效率的影响。为匹配多功能组合机床，新刀具和刀具适配器技术已经被开发出来。目前工业领域正在研制开发的加工刀具，可以在同一刀架上完成车削、镗削和钻削加工，只是加工时相对于工件的角度有所不同而已。加工操作上的差别甚小使人混淆不清。新的加工刀具可以完成铣削和车削。

自动化技术（机床）是本世纪以来发展极迅速和影响极大的科学技术之一。现代自动化技术是一种完全新型的生产力，是直接创造社会财富的主要手段之一，对人类的生产活动和物质文明起着极大的推动作用。因此，自动化技术受到世界各国的广泛重视和越来越多的应用。 
    机械自动化（机床），主要指在机械制造业中应用自动化技术，实现加工对象的连续自动生产，实现优化有效的自动生产过程，加快生产投入物的加工变换和流动速度。机械自动化技术的应用与发展，是机械制造业技术改造、技术进步的主要手段和技术发展的主要方向。机械自动化的技术水准，不仅影响整个机械制造业的发展，而且对国民经济各部门的技术进步有很大的直接影响。因此，发展我国的机械制造业自动化技术，符合我国社会主义的基本原则，符合我国现代生产的发展规律。 如何发展我国的机械自动化技术（机床），这里有个技术政策问题，应实事求是，一切从我国的具体国情出发，做好各项基础工作，走中国的机械自动化技术发展之路。 国内外的工业发展史告诉我们，实现机械自动化是一个由低级到高级、由简单到复杂、由不完善到完善的发展过程。当机器的操作采用自动控制器后，生产方式才从机械化逐步过渡到机械控制（传统）自动化、数字控制自动化、计算机控制自动化。只有建立了自动化工厂后，生产过程才能全盘自动化，才能使生产率全面提高，达到自动化的高级理想阶段。
    机械自动化技术从本世纪20年代首先在机械制造冷加工大批量生产过程中开始发展应用，60年代后为适应市场的需求和变化，为增强机械制造业对市场灵活快速反应的能力，开始建立可柔性自动化生产系统，即围绕计算机技术的柔性自动化。它是在制造系统不变或变化较小的情况下，机器设备或生产管理过程通过自动检测、信息处理、分析判断自动地实现预期的操作或某种过程，并能够自动地从制造一种零件转换到制造另一种不同的零件。社会实践证明，这种定义下的制造系统自动化与当代大多数企业的实际不相容。当代社会还没有在科学技术、物质和人员方面准备好实现这一自动化的条件，硬要这么做只会事倍功半。这种情况对于离散生产方式的机械制造业也不例外，难度会更大些。 

80年代国际上出现了开始采用计算机集成制造系统CIMS(Computer Integrated Manufacturing），柔性自动化生产模式也有这种情况。初期准备以信息集成为重点，以较高的自动化程度为特征，但在实现过程中遇到了困难。鉴于实现计算机集成制造系统的全盘自动化所需的巨额投入（一个全盘自动化工厂耗资数百亿美元，柔性制造系统一般价格为600～2500万美元），所承担的巨大风险，加之技术上的难度与可靠性等问题，世界工业发达国家已开始“碰壁转产”，转而注重信息集成的效果，追求低成本自动化LCA(Low Cost Automation）的企业组织结构和运行方式。 

组合机床未来的发展将更多的采用调速电动机和滚珠丝杠等传动，以简化结构、缩短生产节拍；采用数字控制系统和主轴箱、夹具自动更换系统，以提高工艺可调性；以及纳入柔性制造系统和资料介绍，将成为其最显著的特点。

附件2：外文原文（复印件）

 Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time

                              Timothy and Jacobs, Denis' A receives then then, outstanding Philip  U.S.A. Michigan university

   Summary:The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scale's market.

Key word: Make the lathe up

Regarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.

   As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.

  Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.

Intuition type technical control

The equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.

  As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.

  According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.

  The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.

  Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.

The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.

 If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.

In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.

   The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning.

   

   Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technology's application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement. Therefore, develops our country's machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our country's machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our country's concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation uses the automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage.

  The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.

  In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture system's automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 ~ 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wall produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.

  The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.