简介：

小李哥将继续每天介绍一个基于亚马逊云科技AWS云计算平台的全球前沿AI技术解决方案，帮助大家快速了解国际上最热门的云计算平台亚马逊云科技AWS AI最佳实践，并应用到自己的日常工作里。

本次我将介绍如何用亚马逊云科技的AI模型训练服务Amazon SageMaker和PEFT、RLHF框架高效微调AI大模型FLAN-T5-BASE，减少大模型回复过程中的潜在有害内容。我将带领大家手把手通过一行一行的代码学会AI模型的微调，0基础学会AI核心技能。本架构设计还包括了与用户交互的前后端应用，全部采用了云原生Serverless架构，提供可扩展和安全的AI应用解决方案。本方案架构图如下

项目开发背景知识 

参数高效微调（PEFT）和基于人类反馈的强化学习（RLHF）都是我们在 AI 大模型微调中使用的常见方法。PEFT 通过选择性地调整模型的一部分参数，提高了微调过程的效率和资源利用率，而 RLHF 则通过引入人类反馈，优化模型的表现，减少偏见和有害暗示。这两种方法各有优势，可以互补使用，以实现更高效、更可靠的机器学习模型微调，满足不同应用场景的需求。

参数高效微调（PEFT）

参数高效微调（Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning, PEFT）是一种在微调预训练模型时只调整部分参数的方法。与传统的全参数微调相比，PEFT 专注于模型中的一小部分参数，这不仅可以减少计算资源的消耗，还能提高微调过程的效率。PEFT 方法通过选择性地更新模型参数，保持了模型的整体结构和大部分预训练信息，从而在保持高性能的同时，显著减少训练时间和资源消耗。这种方法特别适用于资源有限的开发环境，同时也能在大规模模型上取得优异的效果。

基于人类反馈的强化学习（RLHF）

基于人类反馈的强化学习（Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback, RLHF）是一种结合人类反馈来优化机器学习模型的算法。RLHF 通过引入人类在训练过程中的评价和反馈，指导模型进行自我调整和优化。具体而言，RLHF 利用人类标注的奖励信号来更新模型的策略，使其更符合预期的行为和输出。这种方法可以显著提升模型的表现，尤其在处理涉及伦理和偏见的问题时，RLHF 能够通过人类的反馈来减少有害暗示和不良行为，提高模型的安全性和可靠性。RLHF 在对话系统、推荐系统等应用中表现出色，能够有效提高用户体验和模型的实际应用价值。

本方案包括的内容：

• 使用 Amazon SageMaker Studio 微调基础模型。

• 使用参数高效微调（PEFT）在一部分参数上进行微调，提升微调效率降低成本。

• 使用基于人类反馈的强化学习（RLHF）算法优化大语言模型。

• 分析微调对减少有害回复的效果。

• 将微调结果上传到 Amazon DynamoDB 表中保存。

项目搭建具体步骤：

1. 首先我们打开亚马逊云科技控制台，打开SageMaker服务主页，进入到我们的SageMaker Studio中。

2. 接下来我们创建一个新的Jupyter Notebook，开始我们的模型微调。首先我们安装必要的依赖

%%capture
%pip install torch==2.0.1 torchdata
%pip install transformers==4.28.1
%pip install datasets==2.17.0
%pip install accelerate==0.16.0
%pip install evaluate==0.4.0
%pip install trl==0.7.1
%pip install rouge_score==0.1.2
%pip install loralib==0.1.1
%pip install peft==0.3.0
%pip install -q awswrangler

 3. 在Notebook中导入必要的依赖

from transformers import pipeline, AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, GenerationConfig
from peft import PeftModel, PeftConfig, LoraConfig, TaskType

# trl: Transformer Reinforcement Learning library
from trl import PPOTrainer, PPOConfig, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLMWithValueHead
from trl import create_reference_model
from trl.core import LengthSampler

import torch
import evaluate
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import peft

# tqdm library makes the loops show a smart progress meter.
from tqdm import tqdm
tqdm.pandas()

4. 接下来我们导入我们用到的测试数据集“knkarthick/dialogsum”和AI大模型"google/flan-t5-base"

from datasets import load_dataset

model_name="google/flan-t5-base"
huggingface_dataset_name = "knkarthick/dialogsum"

dataset_original = load_dataset(huggingface_dataset_name)

dataset_original

 5. 下面我们对数据集预处理，定义函数build_dataset选择合适长度（200-1000字符）的数据，初始化Tokenizer, 将数据集数据封装到提示词并解码成PPO库的标准格式，按2/8比例分割数据集为测试集和训练集。

from transformers import pipeline, AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM, GenerationConfig

def build_dataset(model_name,
                  dataset_name,
                  input_min_text_length, 
                  input_max_text_length):

    # Load dataset (the "train" part only is enough for this lab).
    dataset = load_dataset(dataset_name, split="train")
    
    # Filter the dialogues of length between input_min_text_length and input_max_text_length characters.
    dataset = dataset.filter(lambda x: len(x["dialogue"]) > input_min_text_length and len(x["dialogue"]) <= input_max_text_length, batched=False)

    # Prepare the tokenizer. Setting device_map="auto" allows to switch between GPU and CPU automatically.
    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto",force_download=True)
    
    def tokenize(sample):
        
        # Wrap each dialogue with the instruction.
        prompt = f"""
Summarize the following conversation.

{sample["dialogue"]}

Summary:
"""
        sample["input_ids"] = tokenizer.encode(prompt)
        
        # This must be called "query", which is a requirement of our PPO library.
        sample["query"] = tokenizer.decode(sample["input_ids"])
        return sample

    # Tokenize each dialogue.
    dataset = dataset.map(tokenize, batched=False)
    dataset.set_format(type="torch")
    
    # Split the dataset into train and test parts.
    dataset_splits = dataset.train_test_split(test_size=0.2, shuffle=False, seed=42)

    return dataset_splits

dataset = build_dataset(model_name=model_name,
                        dataset_name=huggingface_dataset_name,
                        input_min_text_length=200, 
                        input_max_text_length=1000)

print(dataset)

6. 我们定义一个函数来查看模型参数数量

def print_number_of_trainable_model_parameters(model):
    trainable_model_params = 0
    all_model_params = 0
    for _, param in model.named_parameters():
        all_model_params += param.numel()
        if param.requires_grad:
            trainable_model_params += param.numel()
    return f"\ntrainable model parameters: {trainable_model_params}\nall model parameters: {all_model_params}\npercentage of trainable model parameters: {100 * trainable_model_params / all_model_params:.2f}%"

7. 下面我们为大语言模型添加适配器LoRA，并结合 PEFT 方法，可以在保持模型性能的同时，大幅减少微调所需的参数数量和计算资源。

lora_config = LoraConfig(
    r=32, # Rank
    lora_alpha=32,
    target_modules=["q", "v"],
    lora_dropout=0.05,
    bias="none",
    task_type=TaskType.SEQ_2_SEQ_LM # FLAN-T5
)

model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained(model_name, 
                                              torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)

peft_model = PeftModel.from_pretrained(model, 
                                       './peft-dialogue-summary-checkpoint-from-s3/', 
                                       lora_config=lora_config,
                                       torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, 
                                       device_map="auto",                                       
                                       is_trainable=True)

print(f'PEFT model parameters to be updated:\n{print_number_of_trainable_model_parameters(peft_model)}\n')

 8. 基于摸大型加载并创建 PPO 模型，用于之后的Reinforcement Learning

ppo_model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLMWithValueHead.from_pretrained(peft_model,                                                               
                                                               torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
                                                               is_trainable=True)

ref_model = create_reference_model(ppo_model)

9. 接下来我们创建奖励模型Meta RoBERTa，用来评估数据集对话中的有害内容。

toxicity_model_name = "facebook/roberta-hate-speech-dynabench-r4-target"
toxicity_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(toxicity_model_name, device_map="auto")
toxicity_model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(toxicity_model_name, device_map="auto")
print(toxicity_model.config.id2label)

10. 我们输入两个实例评估他们是否属于仇恨言论，并输出仇恨分数。仇恨Logit分数越高，则表示这段话越有可能是仇恨言论。

non_toxic_text = "You are a great person and i like you."

toxicity_input_ids = toxicity_tokenizer(non_toxic_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

logits = toxicity_model(input_ids=toxicity_input_ids).logits
print(f'logits [not hate, hate]: {logits.tolist()[0]}')

# Print the probabilities for [not hate, hate]
probabilities = logits.softmax(dim=-1).tolist()[0]
print(f'probabilities [not hate, hate]: {probabilities}')

# get the logits for "not hate" - this is the reward!
not_hate_index = 0
nothate_reward = (logits[:, not_hate_index]).tolist()
print(f'reward (value of "not hate" logit): {nothate_reward}')


toxic_text = "You are a terrible person and i hate you."

toxicity_input_ids = toxicity_tokenizer(toxic_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

logits = toxicity_model(toxicity_input_ids).logits
print(f'logits [not hate, hate]: {logits.tolist()[0]}')

# Print the probabilities for [not hate, hate]
probabilities = logits.softmax(dim=-1).tolist()[0]
print(f'probabilities [not hate, hate]: {probabilities}')

# Get the logits for "not hate" - this is the reward!
nothate_reward = (logits[:, not_hate_index]).tolist() 
print(f'reward (value of "not hate" logit): {nothate_reward}')

 11. 创建一个大模型生成内容分析管道，从生成内容中获取结果。

device = 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"

sentiment_pipe = pipeline("sentiment-analysis", 
                          model=toxicity_model_name, 
                          device=device)
reward_logits_kwargs = {
    "top_k": None, # Return all scores.
    "function_to_apply": "none", # Set to "none" to retrieve raw logits.
    "batch_size": 16
}

reward_probabilities_kwargs = {
    "top_k": None, # Return all scores.
    "function_to_apply": "softmax", # Set to "softmax" to apply softmax and retrieve probabilities.
    "batch_size": 16
}

print("Reward model output for non-toxic text:")
print(sentiment_pipe(non_toxic_text, **reward_logits_kwargs))
print(sentiment_pipe(non_toxic_text, **reward_probabilities_kwargs))
print("\nReward model output for toxic text:")
print(sentiment_pipe(toxic_text, **reward_logits_kwargs))
print(sentiment_pipe(toxic_text, **reward_probabilities_kwargs))

12.  下面我们定一个生成内容的评估器，用于分析生成内容的有害性。定义函数evaluate_toxicity，将模型有害性以0-1之间的分数展示，1表示最高有害性。并且在微调之前得到模型的有害性分数。

toxicity_evaluator = evaluate.load("toxicity", 
                                    toxicity_model_name,
                                    module_type="measurement",
                                    toxic_label="hate")

toxicity_score = toxicity_evaluator.compute(predictions=[
    non_toxic_text
])

print("Toxicity score for non-toxic text:")
print(toxicity_score["toxicity"])

toxicity_score = toxicity_evaluator.compute(predictions=[
    toxic_text
])

print("\nToxicity score for toxic text:")
print(toxicity_score["toxicity"])

def evaluate_toxicity(model, 
                      toxicity_evaluator, 
                      tokenizer, 
                      dataset, 
                      num_samples):

    max_new_tokens=100

    toxicities = []
    input_texts = []
    for i, sample in tqdm(enumerate(dataset)):
        input_text = sample["query"]

        if i > num_samples:
            break
            
        input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt", padding=True).input_ids
        
        generation_config = GenerationConfig(max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
                                             tok_k=0.0,
                                             top_p=1.0,
                                             do_sample=True)

        response_token_ids = model.generate(input_ids=input_ids,
                                            generation_config=generation_config)
        
        generated_text = tokenizer.decode(response_token_ids[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
        
        toxicity_score = toxicity_evaluator.compute(predictions=[(input_text + " " + generated_text)])

        toxicities.extend(toxicity_score["toxicity"])

    # Compute mean and std using np.
    mean = np.mean(toxicities)
    std = np.std(toxicities)
        
    return mean, std

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto")

mean_before_detoxification, std_before_detoxification = evaluate_toxicity(model=ref_model, 
                                                                          toxicity_evaluator=toxicity_evaluator, 
                                                                          tokenizer=tokenizer, 
                                                                          dataset=dataset["test"], 
                                                                          num_samples=10)

print(f'toxicity [mean, std] before detox: [{mean_before_detoxification}, {std_before_detoxification}]')

18. 接下来我们利用PPO对大语言模型进行强化学习，降低有害回复。我们首先配置PPO模型和模型超参数并创建PPO训练器trainer，用于对大语言模型进行微调强化训练。

learning_rate=1.41e-5
max_ppo_epochs=1
mini_batch_size=4
batch_size=16

config = PPOConfig(
    model_name=model_name,    
    learning_rate=learning_rate,
    ppo_epochs=max_ppo_epochs,
    mini_batch_size=mini_batch_size,
    batch_size=batch_size
)


def collator(data):
    return dict((key, [d[key] for d in data]) for key in data[0])

ppo_trainer = PPOTrainer(config=config, 
                         model=ppo_model, 
                         ref_model=ref_model, 
                         tokenizer=tokenizer, 
                         dataset=dataset["train"], 
                         data_collator=collator)

19. 接下来我们配置训练的参数，模型内容生成参数和奖励参数，开始对PPO模型进行强化训练，这个训练器会最大化positive正向回复内容的奖励分数，使微调后的模型回复分数接近于1。

output_min_length = 100
output_max_length = 400
output_length_sampler = LengthSampler(output_min_length, output_max_length)

generation_kwargs = {
    "min_length": 5,
    "top_k": 0.0,
    "top_p": 1.0,
    "do_sample": True
}

reward_kwargs = {
    "top_k": None, # Return all scores.
    "function_to_apply": "none", # You want the raw logits without softmax.
    "batch_size": 16
}

max_ppo_steps = 10

for step, batch in tqdm(enumerate(ppo_trainer.dataloader)):
    # Break when you reach max_steps.
    if step >= max_ppo_steps:
        break   

    prompt_tensors = batch["input_ids"]

    # Get response from FLAN-T5/PEFT LLM.
    summary_tensors = []

    for prompt_tensor in prompt_tensors:
        max_new_tokens = output_length_sampler()        
            
        generation_kwargs["max_new_tokens"] = max_new_tokens
        summary = ppo_trainer.generate(prompt_tensor, **generation_kwargs)
        
        summary_tensors.append(summary.squeeze()[-max_new_tokens:])
        
    # This needs to be called "response".
    batch["response"] = [tokenizer.decode(r.squeeze()) for r in summary_tensors]

    # Compute reward outputs.
    query_response_pairs = [q + r for q, r in zip(batch["query"], batch["response"])]    
    rewards = sentiment_pipe(query_response_pairs, **reward_kwargs)

    # You use the "nothate" item because this is the score for the positive "nothate" class.
    reward_tensors = [torch.tensor(reward[not_hate_index]["score"]) for reward in rewards]    

    # Run the PPO step.
    stats = ppo_trainer.step(prompt_tensors, summary_tensors, reward_tensors)
    ppo_trainer.log_stats(stats, batch, reward_tensors)
    
    print(f'objective/kl: {stats["objective/kl"]}')
    print(f'ppo/returns/mean: {stats["ppo/returns/mean"]}')
    print(f'ppo/policy/advantages_mean: {stats["ppo/policy/advantages_mean"]}')
    print('-'.join('' for x in range(100)))

20. 接下来我们利用“evaluate_toxicity”函数，对微调后的模型进行评估

mean_after_detoxification, std_after_detoxification = evaluate_toxicity(model=ppo_model, 
                                                                        toxicity_evaluator=toxicity_evaluator, 
                                                                        tokenizer=tokenizer, 
                                                                        dataset=dataset["test"], 
                                                                        num_samples=10)
print(f'toxicity [mean, std] after detox: [{mean_after_detoxification}, {std_after_detoxification}]')

21. 再将模型有害性分数和训练前进行比较。

mean_improvement = (mean_after_detoxification - mean_before_detoxification) / mean_before_detoxification
std_improvement = (std_after_detoxification - std_before_detoxification) / std_before_detoxification


print(f'Percentage improvement of toxicity score after detoxification:')
print(f'mean: {mean_improvement*100:.2f}%')
print(f'std: {std_improvement*100:.2f}%')

22. 获取微调前的响应和微调后的响应的数据/正向分数、正向分数差、用户提问，将其作为多列存到dataframe里。

batch_size = 20
compare_results = {}

df_batch = dataset["test"][0:batch_size]

compare_results["query"] = df_batch["query"]
prompt_tensors = df_batch["input_ids"]

summary_tensors_ref = []
summary_tensors = []

# Get response from the PPO and base model.
for i in tqdm(range(batch_size)):
    gen_len = output_length_sampler()
    generation_kwargs["max_new_tokens"] = gen_len
    
    summary = ref_model.generate(
        input_ids=torch.as_tensor(prompt_tensors[i]).unsqueeze(dim=0).to(device), 
        **generation_kwargs
    ).squeeze()[-gen_len:]
    summary_tensors_ref.append(summary)

    summary = ppo_model.generate(
        input_ids=torch.as_tensor(prompt_tensors[i]).unsqueeze(dim=0).to(device), 
        **generation_kwargs
    ).squeeze()[-gen_len:]
    summary_tensors.append(summary)

# Decode responses.
compare_results["response_before"] = [tokenizer.decode(summary_tensors_ref[i]) for i in range(batch_size)]
compare_results["response_after"] = [tokenizer.decode(summary_tensors[i]) for i in range(batch_size)]

# Sentiment analysis of query/response pairs before/after.
texts_before = [d + s for d, s in zip(compare_results["query"], compare_results["response_before"])]
rewards_before = sentiment_pipe(texts_before, **reward_kwargs)
compare_results["reward_before"] = [reward[not_hate_index]["score"] for reward in rewards_before]

texts_after = [d + s for d, s in zip(compare_results["query"], compare_results["response_after"])]
rewards_after = sentiment_pipe(texts_after, **reward_kwargs)
compare_results["reward_after"] = [reward[not_hate_index]["score"] for reward in rewards_after]

pd.set_option('display.max_colwidth', 500)
df_compare_results = pd.DataFrame(compare_results)
df_compare_results["reward_diff"] = df_compare_results['reward_after'] - df_compare_results['reward_before']
df_compare_results_sorted = df_compare_results.sort_values(by=['reward_diff'], ascending=False).reset_index(drop=True)
df_compare_results_sorted

23. 最后我们利用awswrangler库进行数据处理，为微调前的响应和微调后的响应的数据、添加索引列，存入DynamoDB中

import awswrangler as wr 

# Add an index column to the data frame to act as the partition key 
df_compare_results['index'] = range(1, len(df_compare_results) + 1)  

# Create a results dataframe,reorganized with DynamoDB table attributes
result = pd.DataFrame({
    "conversation_id": df_compare_results['index'],
    "query": df_compare_results['query'],
    "response_before": df_compare_results['response_before'],
    "response_after": df_compare_results['response_after']
})

# Upload result to DDB
wr.dynamodb.put_df(df=result, table_name='llm_with_rlhf')

24. 通过Cloudfront打开S3内的静态网页，html文件会触发后端API Gateway调用数据库将数据显示到页面上。

以上就是在亚马逊云科技上利用SageMaker微调大模型，减少回复中的有害内容的全部步骤。欢迎大家关注小李哥，未来获取更多国际前沿的生成式AI开发方案！