最近在VMware虚拟机上使用Centos，用着用着，发现虚拟机的磁盘空间不够了。通过以下步骤成功扩展了根目录的磁盘空间

1、Centos 关机，选择编辑虚拟机设置，硬盘，在实用工具那里选择“扩展”

填写扩展的磁盘容量

点击扩展后，VMware会提示磁盘已成功扩展。您必须从客户机操作系统内部对磁盘重新进行分区和扩展文件系统。也就是说，这里扩展的磁盘空间，在操作系统里面还不可用，还没生效，需要在操作系统里面进行设置后才能使用。

2、启动客户机操作系统Centos，查看磁盘情况

输入指令

fdisk -l

显示结果如下

Disk /dev/loop0: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/loop1: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/sda: 37.6 GB, 37580963840 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4568 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000c8278

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        1306     9972736   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root: 9135 MB, 9135194112 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1110 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_swap: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/docker-253:0-264224-pool: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 65536 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

其中，可以看到现在的分区情况如下

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        1306     9972736   8e  Linux LVM

3、创建分区 sda3

输入指令

fdisk /dev/sda

然后根据命令提示创建分区，具体见以下 # 后面的注释

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It s strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n   # 输入 n 表示创建新分区
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3   # 输入 3 表示sda3，因为前面已经有两个了
First cylinder (1306-4568, default 1306):     # 回车，按默认值
Using default value 1306
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1306-4568, default 4568):   # 回车，按默认值
Using default value 4568

Command (m for help): w     # 输入 w 保存退出 
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

再次查看分区情况

fdisk -l

这时可以看到

Disk /dev/loop0: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/loop1: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/sda: 37.6 GB, 37580963840 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4568 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000c8278

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        1306     9972736   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sda3            1306        4568    26206700   83  Linux

Disk /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root: 9135 MB, 9135194112 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1110 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_swap: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/docker-253:0-264224-pool: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 65536 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

其中，分区已变为3个了，但这时还没挂载，还不能用

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        1306     9972736   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sda3            1306        4568    26206700   83  Linux

4、重启操作系统

reboot

5、格式化新分区为ext3

输入指令

mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda3

结果为

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1638400 inodes, 6551675 blocks
327583 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
200 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
	4096000

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 33 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

6、将物理硬盘分区初始化为物理卷，以便被LVM使用，输入指令

lvs
pvcreate /dev/sda3

7、向卷组中添加物理卷来增加卷组的容量

查看lvm组名，输入指令 df -h

[root@test001 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root
                      8.3G  5.4G  2.5G  69% /
tmpfs                1001M     0 1001M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   54M  394M  12% /boot

其中，vg_test001 就是 根 所在的组名

输入指令，增加卷组的容量

vgextend vg_test001 /dev/sda3

8、查看可扩展的空间大小

输入指令，显示LNM卷组的元数据信息

vgdisplay

结果为

  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_test001
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  4
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               34.50 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              8831
  Alloc PE / Size       2434 / 9.51 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       6397 / 24.99 GiB
  VG UUID               JuPKc8-Ydps-1bsN-0Wld-fbYS-0Hd2-NgvX1q

其中 Free PE / Size 就是可供分配的自由空间，最多有 24.99G，在扩展时输入小于该值 

9、扩充磁盘空间

lvextend -L+24G /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root /dev/sda3

10、使用e2fsck指令检查文件系统错误

e2fsck -a /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root

11、使用resize2fs指令来增大或者收缩未加载的“ext2/ext3”文件系统的大小

resize2fs /dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root

12、查看扩展空间后的结果

[root@test001 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_test001-lv_root
                       32G  5.4G   26G  18% /
tmpfs                1001M     0 1001M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   54M  394M  12% /boot

可以看出，在根目录下磁盘空间已经扩容了，大功告成！

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