概述

在SpringBoot中可以通过@Scheduled来注解定义一个定时任务，但是有时候你可能发现有的定时任务道理时间却没有执行，但是又不是每次都不执行，为什么呢？？？

举例说明

下面这段diam定义了一个没隔10s执行一次的定时任务：

package com.study.practice.schedule;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

/**
 * @Description : schedule测试
 * @Version : V1.0.0
 * @Date : 2021/12/1 11:22
 */
@Component
@Slf4j
public class ScheduleTest {
    @Scheduled(cron = "0/10 * * * * ?")
    public void execute() {
        log.info("Scheduled task is running ... ...");
    }
}

记得在启动类或者Configuration类上添加了@EnableScheduling注解。

启动应用，控制台每隔10秒打印一条日志：

2021-12-01 11:27:00.002  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:27:10.001  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:27:20.002  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:27:30.001  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:27:40.002  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:27:50.001  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:28:00.002  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:28:10.002  INFO 97876 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...

但是，问题才刚刚开始。
在上面的相关代码中，我们使用cron表达式指定的定时任务执行时间点从0秒开始，每隔10s执行一次，现在我们再加一个定时任务：

package com.study.practice.schedule;

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.Scheduled;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
 * @Description : schedule测试
 * @Version : V1.0.0
 * @Date : 2021/12/1 11:22
 */
@Component
@Slf4j
public class ScheduleTestTwo {
    @Scheduled(cron = "0/10 * * * * *")
    public void second() throws InterruptedException {
        log.info("Second scheduled task is running... ...");
        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
    }
}

启动项目，执行结果如下：

2021-12-01 11:36:30.001  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:36:30.002  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 11:36:40.002  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 11:36:45.002  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:36:50.001  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 11:36:55.002  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 11:37:00.001  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 11:37:05.001  INFO 134576 --- [   scheduling-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...

可以看到任务1和任务2本该都是每个10s执行，但是却发现只有任务2执行了，任务1却等待了5s之后才执行。

原因分析

为了找到原因，我们从@Scheduled注解的源码开始分析：
下面是@Scheduled注解的注释：

 *
 * <p>Processing of {@code @Scheduled} annotations is performed by
 * registering a {@link ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor}. This can be
 * done manually or, more conveniently, through the {@code <task:annotation-driven/>}
 * element or @{@link EnableScheduling} annotation.
 *

划重点, 每一个有@Scheduled注解的方法都会被注册为一个ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor, 再接着往下看ScheduledAnnotationBeanPostProcessor:

	/**
	 * Set the {@link org.springframework.scheduling.TaskScheduler} that will invoke
	 * the scheduled methods, or a {@link java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService}
	 * to be wrapped as a TaskScheduler.
	 * <p>If not specified, default scheduler resolution will apply: searching for a
	 * unique {@link TaskScheduler} bean in the context, or for a {@link TaskScheduler}
	 * bean named "taskScheduler" otherwise; the same lookup will also be performed for
	 * a {@link ScheduledExecutorService} bean. If neither of the two is resolvable,
	 * a local single-threaded default scheduler will be created within the registrar.
	 * @see #DEFAULT_TASK_SCHEDULER_BEAN_NAME
	 */
	public void setScheduler(Object scheduler) {
		this.scheduler = scheduler;
	}

重点来了，注意这句话：

if neither of two is resolvable, a local single-thread default scheduler will be created within in the registrar.

这句话意味着，如果我们不主动配置我们需要的TaskScheduler，SpringBoot会默认使用一个单线程的scheduler来处理我们用@Scheduled注解实现的定时任务，到此我们刚才的问题就可以理解了。
因为是单个线程执行所有的定时任务，所有task2如果先执行，因为执行中等待了5s，所以task2执行完后，task1接着继续执行。

解决方案

搞清楚这个流程后，解决这个问题就很简单了。
根据刚才注释的描述，我们只需要提供一个满足自己需要的TaskScheduler并注册到context容器中就可以了。

package com.study.practice.config;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.SchedulingConfigurer;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler;
import org.springframework.scheduling.config.ScheduledTaskRegistrar;

/**
 * @Description : scheduler配置类
 * @Version : V1.0.0
 * @Date : 2021/12/1 14:00
 */
@Configuration
public class ScheduledTaskConfig implements SchedulingConfigurer {
    @Override
    public void configureTasks(ScheduledTaskRegistrar taskRegistrar) {
        ThreadPoolTaskScheduler taskScheduler = new ThreadPoolTaskScheduler();
        taskScheduler.setPoolSize(2);
        taskScheduler.initialize();
        taskRegistrar.setTaskScheduler(taskScheduler);
    }
}

上面的代码提供了一个线程池大小为2的taskScheduler，再次启动SpringBoot查看效果。

2021-12-01 14:05:20.001  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-2] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 14:05:20.001  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 14:05:30.002  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 14:05:30.002  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-2] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...
2021-12-01 14:05:40.001  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-1] c.study.practice.schedule.ScheduleTest   : Scheduled task is running ... ...
2021-12-01 14:05:40.001  INFO 39768 --- [TaskScheduler-2] c.s.practice.schedule.ScheduleTestTwo    : Second scheduled task is running... ...

可以看到，当线程池里有两个线程时，这两个任务各种按照预定的时间进行触发，互不影响了。

参考

【SpringBoot】为什么我的定时任务不执行？