数据为：

{
        "_index": "data_collection",
        "_type": "doc",
        "_id": "AXc3PJHBel1m6pmwJ9YF",
        "_score": 0,
        "_source": {
          "create_time": "2021-01-25T01:50:52.352Z",
          "data_collection_name": "gl_jcdl",
          "data_source_id": "AXc3PJC1el1m6pmwJ9YE",
          "delete_class": "0",
          "project_id": "AXcjKFMAel1m6pmwJ9D6",
          "sub_collections": [
            {
              "data_task_id": "aximakraqhzinkg8kzwj",
              "dataClassification": "基础",
              "geo_level": null,
              "index_library_name": "AXcjKFIyel1m6pmwJ9D4",
              "layerName": "aaa",
              "sub_collection_name": "aaa_20",
              "table_name": "axif3xroqhzinkg8kncc"
            },
            {
              "data_task_id": "AXiF4AQcQHzinkG8KNNR",
              "dataClassification": "基础",
              "geo_level": null,
              "index_library_name": "AXcjKFIyel1m6pmwJ9D4",
              "layerName": "bbb",
              "sub_collection_name": "aaa_21",
              "table_name": "axif4agcqhzinkg8knno"
            }
          ],
          "update_time": "2021-01-25T01:50:52.352Z"
        }

查询结果为：

{
  "took": 1,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 0,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "data_collection",
        "_type": "doc",
        "_id": "AXc3PJHBel1m6pmwJ9YF",
        "_score": 0,
        "_source": {},
        "inner_hits": {
          "sub_collections": {
            "hits": {
              "total": 1,
              "max_score": 3.9665112,
              "hits": [
                {
                  "_nested": {
                    "field": "sub_collections",
                    "offset": 10
                  },
                  "_score": 3.9665112,
                  "_source": {
		              "data_task_id": "aximakraqhzinkg8kzwj",
		              "dataClassification": "基础",
		              "geo_level": null,
		              "index_library_name": "AXcjKFIyel1m6pmwJ9D4",
		              "layerName": "aaa",
		              "sub_collection_name": "aaa_20",
		              "table_name": "axif3xroqhzinkg8kncc"
		            }
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

首先使用nestedQuery，按条件sub_collections.table_name查询子对象，
再使用inner_hits可以获取到,对象数组中符合查询条件的值
其中xx为需要获取的返回数据字段

SearchResponse response = client.prepareSearch("data_collection")
                .setQuery(QueryBuilders.nestedQuery("sub_collections",
                        QueryBuilders.termsQuery("sub_collections.table_name", tableNames),
                        ScoreMode.None).innerHit(new InnerHitBuilder()
                .setSize(Constant.MAX_ES_SEARCH_NUM)
                ))
                .setFetchSource(new String[]{"xx"},null)
                .execute()
                .actionGet();

构建后的查询语句为

{
  "query": {
    "nested": {
      "query": {
        "terms": {
          "sub_collections.table_name": [
            "aximakraqhzinkg8kzwj"
          ],
          "boost": 1
        }
      
      },
      "path": "sub_collections",
      "ignore_unmapped": false,
      "score_mode": "none",
      "boost": 1,
      "inner_hits": {
        "ignore_unmapped": false,
        "from": 0,
        "size": 1000,
        "version": false,
        "explain": false,
        "track_scores": false
      }
    }
  },
  "_source": {
    "includes": ["aa"]
  }
}