APT(Advanced Packaging Tool),是Debian Linux和基于Debian进行开发的Linux发行版(如Ubuntu)使用的高级包管理系统.APT是处理Debian系统中的deb软件包。 APT通过自动获取软件包(从wan,lan,cdrom上)自动配置,自动编译和安装APT源.,他可以很大程度上简化在Linux系统上安装和删除软件的过程。

二、APT源的提供方式

本地目录:file://...

FTP或HTTP服务:ftp://...、http://...

DEB软件包的来源

Debian发布的DEB包集合

第三方、用户自定义的DEB包

三、本地APT源

1、用光盘的DEB包做APT源

root@localhost:~# mount /dev/sr0 /media

#挂载到本地目录 /media

root@localhost:~# ls /media

boot  casper  dists  EFI  install  isolinux  md5sum.txt  pics  pool  preseed  README.diskdefines  ubuntu

#查看光盘中的内容

2、文件源列表做为系统安装源

root@localhost:~# apt-cdrom -m -d=/media add

Using CD-ROM mount point /media/

Identifying... [58ecf08394a7839a724e0c034df13779-2]

Scanning disc for index files...

Found 4 package indexes, 0 source indexes, 0 translation indexes and 1 signatures

This disc is called:

... ... ...

3、查看配置文件

root@localhost:~#vim /etc/apt/sources.list

deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20180228)]/ xenial main restricted

4、更新存储库索引

root@localhost:~# apt-get update

Ign:1 cdrom://Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20180228) xenial InRelease

Hit:2 cdrom://Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20180228) xenial Release

Reading package lists... Done

四、网络APT源

1、备份配置文件

root@localhost:~# mv /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

2、编写配置文件

以下配置文件内容选一即可，其他版本对应修改版本名称即可，版本名称见下表

版本号	版本名称
12.04LTS	precise
14.04LTS	trusty
16.04LTS	xenial
18.04LTS	bionic
20.04LTS	focal
21.04	hirsute
21.14	impish

root@localhost:~# vim /etc/apt/sources.list

1)阿里源（ubuntu 16.04）

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main



deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main



deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe



deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe

2)清华源（ubuntu 16.04）

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse

# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse

3)网易源（ubuntu 16.04）

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释

deb http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://uni.mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

4)搜狐源（ubuntu 16.04）

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

5)中科大源（ubuntu 16.04）

# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse

deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse



#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted

#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted

#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe

#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe

#deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse

#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse

五、命令讲解

1、apt-cdrom

1）命令

apt-cdrom

功能：扫描光盘信息或将光盘做为安装源添加到sources.list

格式：apt-cdrom [选项]

2）常用选项

-m 不挂载,阻止apt-cdrom挂载和卸载挂载点

-d 挂载点，指本地挂载光盘

-v 显示程序版本

-h 查看帮助

add 添加到光盘源列表

ident 调试工具，报告当前光盘和存储的文件名的信息

3）实例

root@localhost:~# apt-cdrom -m -d=/media add

 #将光驱中的光盘添加到sources.list文件源列表中做为系统安装源

Using CD-ROM mount point /media/

Identifying... [58ecf08394a7839a724e0c034df13779-2]

Scanning disc for index files...

Found 4 package indexes, 0 source indexes, 0 translation indexes and 1 signatures

This disc is called:

... ... ...

2、apt-cache

1）命令

apt-cache stats 显示当前系统所使用的数据源的统计信息

apt-cache search 按关键字查找软件包

apt-cache show 显示软件包详细信息

apt-cache depends显示指定软件包所依赖的软件包

2）实例

root@localhost:~# apt-cache stats   

Total package names: 3871 (77.4 k)

Total package structures: 3871 (170 k)

  Normal packages: 1804

  Pure virtual packages: 17

  Single virtual packages: 371

  Mixed virtual packages: 2

  Missing: 1677

Total distinct versions: 1806 (144 k)

Total distinct descriptions: 1806 (43.3 k)

Total dependencies: 13810/6789 (385 k)

Total ver/file relations: 1806 (43.3 k)

Total Desc/File relations: 1806 (43.3 k)

Total Provides mappings: 449 (10.8 k)

Total globbed strings: 9275 (159 k)

Total slack space: 16.8 k

Total space accounted for: 1,498 k

Total buckets in PkgHashTable: 50503

  Unused: 46774

  Used: 3729

  Utilization: 7.38372%

  Average entries: 1.03808

  Longest: 3

  Shortest: 1

Total buckets in GrpHashTable: 50503

  Unused: 46774

  Used: 3729

  Utilization: 7.38372%

  Average entries: 1.03808

  Longest: 3

  Shortest: 1

root@localhost:~# apt-cache search vim  #查找vim软件包 

vim-tiny - Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor - compact version

vim - Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor

grilo-plugins-0.2-base - Framework for discovering and browsing media - Base Plugins

vim-common - Vi IMproved - Common files

vim-runtime - Vi IMproved - Runtime files

root@localhost:~# apt-cache show vim  #显示vim软件包详细信息

Package: vim

Status: install ok installed

Priority: optional

Section: editors

Installed-Size: 2400

Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>

Architecture: amd64

Version: 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4

Provides: editor

Depends: vim-common (= 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4), vim-runtime (= 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4), libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libc6 (>= 2.15), libgpm2 (>= 1.20.4), libpython3.5 (>= 3.5.0~b1), libselinux1 (>= 1.32), libtinfo5 (>= 6)

Suggests: ctags, vim-doc, vim-scripts

Description: Vi IMproved - enhanced vi editor

 Vim is an almost compatible version of the UNIX editor Vi.

 .

 Many new features have been added: multi level undo, syntax

 highlighting, command line history, on-line help, filename

 completion, block operations, folding, Unicode support, etc.

 .

 This package contains a version of vim compiled with a rather

 standard set of features.  This package does not provide a GUI

 version of Vim.  See the other vim-* packages if you need more

 (or less).

Description-md5: 59e8b8f7757db8b53566d5d119872de8

Homepage: http://www.vim.org/

Original-Maintainer: Debian Vim Maintainers <pkg-vim-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>

root@localhost:~# apt-cache depends vim   #显示vim所依赖的软件包



vim

  Depends: vim-common

  Depends: vim-runtime

  Depends: libacl1

  Depends: libc6

  Depends: libgpm2

  Depends: libpython3.5

  Depends: libselinux1

  Depends: libtinfo5

  Suggests: <ctags>

  Suggests: <vim-doc>

  Suggests: <vim-scripts>

3、apt list

1）命令

apt list 列出本地所有的软件包名

2）实例

root@localhost:~# apt list | grep vim  #查询本地源中包含vim的包



WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.



vim/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed,local]

vim-common/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed,local]

vim-runtime/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4 all [installed,local]

vim-tiny/now 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.4 amd64 [installed,local]

4、apt-get

1）命令

apt-get install 安装软件包

apt-get remove 卸载软件包（保留配置文件）

apt-get --purge remove 卸载软件包（删除配置文件）

apt-get update 软件包列表是最新

apt-get upgrade 更新所有已安装的软件包

2）实例

root@localhost:~# apt-get install vim

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

Suggested packages:

  ctags vim-doc vim-scripts

The following NEW packages will be installed:

  vim

0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 577 not upgraded.

Need to get 0 B/1,036 kB of archives.

After this operation, 2,462 kB of additional disk space will be used.

Selecting previously unselected package vim.

(Reading database ... 185985 files and directories currently installed.)

Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5_amd64.deb ...

Unpacking vim (2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5) ...

Setting up vim (2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode

root@localhost:~# apt-get remove vim

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:

  vim-runtime

Use 'apt autoremove' to remove it.

The following packages will be REMOVED:

  vim

0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 577 not upgraded.

After this operation, 2,462 kB disk space will be freed.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

(Reading database ... 185990 files and directories currently installed.)

Removing vim (2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode

root@localhost:~# apt-get --purge remove vim

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:

  vim-runtime

Use 'apt autoremove' to remove it.

The following packages will be REMOVED:

  vim*

0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 577 not upgraded.

After this operation, 2,462 kB disk space will be freed.

Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

(Reading database ... 185990 files and directories currently installed.)

Removing vim (2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.5) ...

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode

update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode

root@localhost:~# apt-get update

... ... ...

Reading package lists... Done

root@localhost:~# apt-get upgrade

Reading package lists... Done

Building dependency tree

Reading state information... Done

Calculating upgrade... Done

0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.