1、apt list --installed

victory@victory-ThinkPad-T490:~$ apt list --installed|more

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

Listing...
accountsservice/bionic-updates,bionic-security,now 0.6.45-1ubuntu1.3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
acl/bionic,now 2.2.52-3build1 amd64 [installed,automatic]
acpi-support/bionic,now 0.142 amd64 [installed,automatic]
acpid/bionic,now 1:2.0.28-1ubuntu1 amd64 [installed,automatic]
adduser/bionic,bionic,now 3.116ubuntu1 all [installed,automatic]
...

2、dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall

( -v 表示"反转"，grep返回不匹配行)

victory@victory-ThinkPad-T490:~$ dpkg --get-selections
accountsservice					install
acl						install
acpi-support					install
acpid						install
adduser						install
adium-theme-ubuntu				install
adwaita-icon-theme				install
aisleriot					install
alsa-base					install
alsa-utils					install
amd64-microcode					install
anacron						install
...

要将该列表保存到你的桌面上名为 packages的文本文件，请在你的终端中执行这里操作：

dpkg --get-selections | grep -v deinstall> ~/Desktop/packages

3、dpkg -l |grep -E ^[a-z]i