nginx安装、nginx前端配置、后端配置、前后端分离配置、https支持（ssl配置）、负载均衡配置、nginx location详解

nginx前端配置、后端配置、前后端分离配置、ssl配置、负载均衡配置

懒惰的小蜗牛

63722人浏览 · 2021-02-23 11:12:14

懒惰的小蜗牛 · 2021-02-23 11:12:14 发布

一、nginx安装

见博客

二、nginx配置

仅前端配置

  server {
        listen       80;
        # 多个域名用空格隔开
        server_name  www.venny.cn one.venny.cn;
        root         /web/html;
        location / {
			index index.html Home.html;
			try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
		}
    }

仅后端配置

  server {
        listen       80;
        # 多个域名用空格隔开
        server_name  域名; # 示例： server_name www.venny.cn
        root         /web/前端页面路径，仅后端时可以不配置;
        location / {
		    proxy_set_header Host $host;
        	proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        	proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
        	proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
		    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
	   }

    }

前后分离配置(1)

server {
	listen       80;
    server_name  域名; #例如:map.venny.cn;

 	location / {
  				proxy_set_header Host $host;
                root /web/front;
                index /index.html;
                try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
        }

    location  /api/ {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8010/;
    }
}

前后分离配置(2)

server {
	listen       80;
	# 多个域名用空格隔开
    server_name  域名; #例如:map.venny.cn

 	location / {
				proxy_set_header Host $host;
				root /web/front/;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
				try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
				index /index.html;
        }

    location  /api/ {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8010/;
    }
}

(1)和（2）的区别是：（1）配置路由跳转的时候url带有‘#’号，（2）则不带

前后不分离配置

server {
        listen                  22110;
        # server_name			可配置为IP或域名
        server_name             localhost xxx.venny.cn;
        client_max_body_size    200m;
        location / {
                root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
                index  index.html;

                proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
                proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
				# 可选配置,有请求转发需求时配置
                #proxy_redirect http://源IP:源端口/ http://目标IP:目标端口/;
				# 示例:
				#proxy_redirect http://127.0.0.1:80/ http://127.0.0.1:8080/
                proxy_set_header Host $host:$proxy_port;
                #proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;
        }
}

https/ssl配置

首先下载证书文件，并上传到/usr/local/nginx/conf（nginx不是默认安装的上传到nginx配置文件）下
配置中写相对路径是nginx.conf所在文件的同级（也就是/usr/local/nginx/conf），可以新建文件夹(例cert)来专门保存ssl证书
这里就配置一个域名，所以就不建文件夹了
修改要解析域名部分的配置(1),将http请求统一重定向到https

server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  www.venny.cn;
        rewrite ^(.*)$ https://$host$1; #将所有HTTP请求通过rewrite指令重定向到HTTPS。
}

server {
        #SSL 访问端口号为 443
        listen 443 ssl;
        #填写绑定证书的域名
        server_name www.venny.cn;
        #证书文件名称,后缀crt、pem都可以。如果有建立文件夹，则使用相对路径，例：cert/1_www.venny.cn_bundle.crt
        ssl_certificate 1_www.venny.cn_bundle.crt;
        #私钥文件名称.如果有建立文件夹，则使用相对路径，例：cert/2_www.venny.cn_bundle.key
        ssl_certificate_key 2_www.venny.cn.key;
        ssl_session_timeout 5m;
        #请按照以下协议配置,最新可支持TLSv1.3,老版不支持则删除
        ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
        #请按照以下套件配置，配置加密套件，写法遵循 openssl 标准。
        ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4:!DHE;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

 		location / {
	  			proxy_set_header Host $host;
                root /app/html/;
                index /index.html;
                try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
        }

        location  /api/ {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
	    	add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/;
        }
    }

修改要解析域名部分的配置(2)，分别配置80端口和443端口

server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  www.venny.cn;

        location / {
                try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
                root /app/html/;
                index index.html;
        }

        location  /api {
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS';
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type';
                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
        }

    }
server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name www.venny.cn;
    root html;
    index index.html index.htm;
    ssl_certificate 1_www.venny.cn.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key 2_www.venny.cn.key;
    ssl_session_timeout 5m;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    location / {
        		try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
         		root /app/html/;
         		index index.html;
    }
    location  /api {
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET, POST, OPTIONS';
                add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers' 'DNT,X-CustomHeader,Keep-Alive,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type';
                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
        }

}

如果报错 nginx: [emerg] the "ssl" parameter requires ngx_http_ssl_module in /etc/nginx/xx.conf:9 nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test failed
解决办法：
1.进入nginx安装包的解压目录
2.执行./configure --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
3.执行make
4.备份源nginx文件cp /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.bak
5.停止当前运行的nginx nginx -s stop,如果无法停止，则执行pkill -9 nginx
6.复制刚刚编译的文件cp ./objs/nginx /usr/local/nginx/sbin/,根据提示输入y
7.重启nginx nginx

负载均衡配置

新建文件夹(用来存放nginx自定义配置文件)
mkdir -p /etc/nginx/conf.d
在nginx的配置文件(默认/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf)中加入include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
在/etc/nginx/conf.d/下新建stream.conf文件，并输入以下内容

upstream upstream-app {
	server 127.0.0.1:8081 weight=10;
	server 127.0.0.1:8082 weight=10;
}

同样新建 my-upstream.conf文件，配置转发规则（注意和前面前后端分离、或后端配置不一样）

server {
	listen       80;
    server_name  域名，例如:baidu.com;

 	location / {
  				proxy_set_header Host $host;
                root /web/front;
                index /index.html;
                try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
        }

    location  /api/ {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods *;
			add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $http_origin;
            proxy_pass http://upstream-app/;
    }
   }

数据压缩配置

编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf文件

   # 打开gzip压缩
   gzip  on;
   # 超过1k进行压缩
   gzip_min_length 1k;
   # 压缩等级1-9的正整数，1最低，压缩时间短，9最高，压缩时间长，吃cpu，但是压缩效果好,根据业务合理配置
   gzip_comp_level 3;
   # 进行压缩的文件类型。
   gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml application/json text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png image/jpg;
   # 是否在http header中添加Vary: Accept-Encoding，建议开启
   gzip_vary on;

域名解析未生效访问时，显示nginx欢迎页，修改nginx.conf文件

      # listen       80;
      # server_name  localhost;

      listen       80 default_server;
      listen       [::]:80 default_server;
      server_name  _;

域名不存在时返回’无法访问’修改nginx.conf文件

   location / {
           # root   html;
           # index  index.html index.htm;
        deny all;
  }

屏蔽nginx版本号(解决低危安全漏洞)

    # server_tokens作用域是http server location语句块。
    # server_tokens默认值是on，表示显示版本信息，设置server_tokens值是off，就可以在所有地方隐藏nginx的版本信息。
    server_tokens off;

在这里插入图片描述

端口转发配置

注意:1.nginx编译时必须添加–with-stream。2.此配置不是在http{}里面，而是在stream{}下，如果nginx版本较低，可以在http{}后面增加stream{}.完整stream如下。

stream {
    upstream proxy_1883 {
        server 172.16.7.102:21883;
    }
   server {
        listen 1883 ; # 监听端口
        proxy_pass proxy_1883;  # 转发请求
    }
    server {
		listen 23306; # 监听端口
		proxy_pass 172.16.7.102:3306; # 转发请求
	}
}

三、完整nginx.conf文件

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    use					epoll;
    worker_connections  51200;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

	# 限流配置
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_zone:1m;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_zone:1m rate=1r/s;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;
    # 屏蔽nginx版本号
    server_tokens off;
    gzip  on;

    gzip_min_length 1k;

    gzip_comp_level 3;


    # 进行压缩的文件类型。
    gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml application/json text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;

    # 是否在http header中添加Vary: Accept-Encoding，建议开启
    gzip_vary on;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}
stream {
    upstream proxy_1883 {
        server 172.16.7.102:21883;
    }
   server {
        listen 1883 ; # 监听端口
        proxy_pass proxy_1883;  # 转发请求
    }
    server {
		listen 23306; # 监听端口
		proxy_pass 172.16.7.102:3306; # 转发请求
	}
}
}

四、可能遇到的问题

页面请求403

可能原因是权限不够，可以修改nginx.conf文件,将第一行配置打开，修改如下

user  root;

五、location详解

location中root和alias

location中root文件夹映射

root 后面跟的参数表示相对路径，示例：

 	location /ui/ {
  		proxy_set_header Host $host;
  		# 表示http://xxx:xx/ui/请求映射到主机/web/front/ui/文件夹
        root /web/front/; 
        index /index.html;
    }

适用于相同文件、文件夹的映射，如果请求路径和实际的文件夹不一致则使用alias代替

location中alias文件夹映射

alias指定的是绝对路径，相当于文件夹直接映射，示例：

 	location /resource/ {
  		proxy_set_header Host $host;
  		# 表示http://xxx:xx/resource/请求映射到主机/html/source/文件夹
        alias /html/source/; 
    }

个人理解：root、alias的区别在于，alias可以将请求的URL路径映射到任何地方，而root则是指定nginx服务器的根目录。alias映射不带有路径,root则带有
如果文件夹映射，则root、alias后参数需要以‘/’ 结尾

路径映射

前缀含义

= 开头表示精确匹配。如 A 中只匹配根目录结尾的请求，后面不能带任何字符串
^~ 开头表示uri以某个常规字符串开头，不是正则匹配
~ 开头表示区分大小写的正则匹配
* 开头表示不区分大小写的正则匹配
/ 通用匹配, 如果没有其它匹配,任何请求都会匹配到。

优先级

( location = ) > ( location 完整路径 ) > ( location ^~ 路径 ) > ( location ,* 正则顺序 ) > ( location 部分起始路径 ) > ( / )

location中的proxy_pass

在nginx中配置proxy_pass代理转发时，如果在proxy_pass后面的url加/，表示绝对根路径；如果没有/，表示相对路径，把匹配的路径部分也带上。例如：

第一种：代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/test.html
location /api/ {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/;
}
第二种（相对于第一种，最后少一个 / ）
代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/test.html
location /api/ {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
第三种：代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa/test.html
location /api/ {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa/;
}
第四种（相对于第三种，最后少一个 / ）
代理到URL：http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaatest.html
location /api/ {
     proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080/aaa;
}